Manhattan, where almost three times as many (about 1.5 million) people live in roughly the same land area as Tokyo's four central wards, is also endowed with extensive parklands. Manhattan's total park area covers 1,080 ha--almost twice as much as the 590 ha. of green space in Tokyo's four central wards, including the Imperial Palace, Akasaka Palace and State Guesthouse grounds, and Aoyama Cemetery. Central Park, the largest park in Manhattan, runs 840m east-west and 4km north-south, covering 340ha. This far exceeds the scale of any Tokyo park, including Hibiya (16 ha.) and Yoyogi (54 ha.) parks. Parks in Tokyo's 4 central wards Area (in ha) City parks Municipal parks Hibiya Park 16.2 Hamarikyu Garden 25.0 Shiba Park 12.3 Kyu-ShibarikyuGarden 4.3 Daiba Park 3.0 Aoyama Park 3.8 Toyama Park 18.7 Meiji Park**1 2.9(5.7) Sotobori Park 3.9 Major ward parks Chidorigafuchi Park 1.6 Hamacho Park 4.5 ArisugawanomiyaPark 6.7 Shinjuku Central Park 8.8 Otomeyama Park 1.5 Kansen'en Park 1.4 Other parks Kokyo Higashi Gaien 20.7 Kokyo Gaien 95.6 Kitanomaru Park 19.3 Chidorigafuchi Nat'l Cemetery Park 1.6 Kokkaimae Garden 5.5 Nat'l Park for Nature Study 19.9 Shinjuku Gyoen**2 38.4(58.3) Meiji Jingu 27.3 Cemeteries Aoyama Cemetery 26.4 Green space***3 Imperial Palace 115.0 Akasaka Detached Palace 50.9 State Guesthouse 11.7 Other 37.4 Total 590 *area within Tokyo's 4 central wards (total area of park) **site area Manhattan Parks/Green Spaces Area (in ha) Central Park 340.0 Randalls Island 110.6 Riverside Park 108.0 Inwood Hill Park 79.5 Fort Washington Park 64.3 Wards Island 49.5 High Bridge Park 48.1 Fort Trvon Park 27.0 East River Park 23.3 Harlem River Driveway 14.3 Morningside Park 12.6 Riverside Park 10.6 Recreation Area 9.4 Battery Pl,State & Whitehall 9.3 St Nicholas Park 9.2 Marcus Garvey Memorial Park 8.2 Isham Park 8.1 Theodore Roosevelt Park 7.1 Thcmas Jefferson Park 6.3 Carl Schurz Park 6.0 Jackie Robinson Park 5.2 Tomkins Square Park 4.2 Bryant Park 3.9 Liberty 3.9 Bdway,Park Row,Chamber St 3.6 Mill Rock Park 3.5 Washington Square Park 3.5 Sara D Roosevelt Parkway 3.2 J Hood Wright Park 2.7 Other 95.6 Total 1081 Except for Lower Manhattan, the city is composed as a grid of north-south avenues and east-west streets, traversed diagonally by Broadway. These streets, based on generous standards of 100 feet in width (appx. 30m), 80 feet (24m) or 60 feet (19m), form the framework of the city. The percentage of street space in Tokyo's four central wards is comparable to Manhattan, but 30 percent of those streets are narrow. In addition, as only 56% of planned urban roads in Tokyo's 23 wards have been completed to date, a distinct city structure is difficult to discern. Streets in Tokyo's four central wards District area (in ha) Percentage of street space Total Above 11m Less than 11m central wards 6,036 22.8% 15.8% 7.0% Chiyoda 1,164 23.8% 18.6% 5.2% Chuo 1,015 30.0% 21.9% 8.0% Minato 2,034 21.7% 16.1% 5.6% Shinjuku 1,823 19.4% 10.3% 9.2% Manhattan Streets District area (in ha) Percentage of street space Manhattan 6,139 28.2% 1 Lower Manhattan 445 43.9% 2 Greenwich Village 402 27.1% 3 Lower East Side 456 23.0% 4 Clinton & Chelsea 542 26.9% 5 Midtown 424 36.8% 6 Murray Hill 354 22.5% 7 West Side 547 31.5% 8 Upper Eastside 513 38.9% 9 Manhattan Ville 390 18.9% 10 Central Harlem 364 21.2% 11 East Harlem 574 25.9% 12 Washington Height 764 36.0% Outside community districts 365 4.4% Let's compare a rezoned district of central Tokyo, the Shinbashi/Toranomon area, and midtown Manhattan. The Shinbashi/Toranomon district is 30.8% street space, which is a relatively high percentage. However, 33% of that space (10.1% of the total) is comprised of streets less than eleven meters in width. Midtown Manhattan is composed of avenues and streets 100 ft (appx 30m) and 60 ft (appx 18m) in width respectively. The percentage of street space in this district is 39.7%, but unlike Tokyo it has no narrow streets. The difference between a city composed of small city blocks divided by narrow streets--Tokyo--and a city composed of large blocks and wide streets--Manhattan--is reflected in the difference in the state of intensive land use in the two cities. Shinbashi/Toranomon Midtown Manhattan Above 11m Less than 11m Toranomon Midtown Manhattan Area appx.104.2ha appx.104.2ha Percentageof street space 30.8% 39.7% Above 11m 20.7 39.7% Less than11m 10.1 ---- A comparison of Tokyo's four central wards and Manhattan shows that while Tokyo has a lower percentage of park, green and street space, it has a higher percentage of building sites. In order to draw a new nighttime population into Tokyo's four central wards, improve urban living, and create contiguous work and living spaces, the approach to land use itself must undergo a change. Note: Discrepancies in figures between the "Comparing open space" map and this page reflect discrepancies in source materials. Park descriptions in maps - "Toritsu koen/shizenkoen gaido" (Guide to City Parks), Tokyo Parks Association website - "Kojin ryokou: New York," Shobunsha Park/Green Space - "Koen chousho" (Park record) 2000, Tokyo Bureau of Construction - "Tokyo to no koen to rokuchi" (Parks and green space in Tokyo) 2000, Tokyo Bureau of Construction - "Community District Needs 1990," New York City Department of City Planning Streets - "Koen chousho" (Park record), 2000, Bureau of GeneralAffairs - 1:10,000 street map; 1:1,500 building site map - "Sanborn: Manhattan Land Book of the City of New York 1992-93" City blocks - 1:10,000 street map; 1:1,500 building map - "Sanborn: Manhattan Land Book of the City of New York 1992-93" Land use - "Tokyo no tochi riyou" (Land use in Tokyo) the 23 ward area, 1996, Tokyo Metropolitan Government - City planning references 1997, New York City Department of City Planning

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