Tokyo has one of the most developed mass transit systems in the world. The Yamanote Line opened in 1925, as a loop line similar to its present form. While the Ginza Line was the only subway line completed prior to World War II, subway construction progressed rapidly after the war. Last year the Eidan Namboku (line #7) and the Toei Oedo (line #12) Lines opened in their entirety, marking the completion of all twelve planned subway lines. Tokyo now has two loop lines, the Yamanote Line and the Oedo Line, which service the city above and below ground respectively. As a result, 85% of the districts within the Yamanote Line area fall within 500m of a train station (JR, Toei/Eidan Subway, and Toden Arakawa Lines), making living in the city without relying on a car a viable possibility. Comparing Tokyo and New York Trains Tokyo's 23 Wards Area within Yamanote Line New York City Manhattan Year service began 1927 (*1) 1939 (*2) 1904 (*3) 1904 (*3) Number of lines 51 38 41 33 Number of stations 556 171 517 140 Number of stations with line transfers 107 49 107 39 Hours in service Early morning to late night Some lines 24 hours *1 Ginza Line - Ueno to Asakusa (2.2km) *2 Ginza Line - Ueno to Shibuya (12.1km) *3 City Hall to 145 Street (Subways of the World, Sanseido) Kms. of Subway Line in Service (as of 2001) Co. Line Year fully opened Km. in service Eidan Ginza 1939 14.3km Eidan Marunouchi 1962 27.4km Eidan Hibiya 1964 20.3km Toei Asakusa 1968 18.3km Eidan Tozai 1969 30.8km Eidan Chiyoda 1979 24.0km Eidan Yurakucho 1988 28.3km Eidan Hanzomon 1990 10.8km Toei Shinjuku 1991 23.5km Toei Mita 2000 26.5km Toei Oedo 2000 40.7km Eidan Nanboku 2000 21.3km Total 286.2km Kms. of Subway Line in Service (as of 1960) Co. Km. in service Eidan 39.5km Toei 3.1km Total 42.6km Map of Area with the Yamanote Line Minato Ward Map Roughly 85% of the districts within the Yamanote Line area fall within 500m of a train station. Roughly 76% of the Minato Ward area falls within 500m of a train station. New York is also a city with a substantial mass transit system. The New York City subway system differs from Tokyo's in that all lines run from the heart of Manhattan out into the suburbs, performing the function of Tokyo's subways and private railways combined. New York City subways are four-track lines, with local and express trains operating on separate tracks. 70% of Manhattan's land area falls within 500m of a train station (subway and trains), and subways run twenty-four hours a day. Manhattan train map About 70% of Manhattan falls within 500m of a subway station

	There are a similar number of bus routes operating within Tokyo's Yamanote Line and in Manhattan: 52 and 60, respectively. 35 of those 52 routes run entirely within the bounds of the Yamanote Line, and many of them begin and end at Yamanote Line railroad stations. Manhattan's bus lines run the entire length of each avenue and major cross street. 42 of the 60 routes run entirely within the Borough of Manhattan. Compared to subways and other forms of public transportation, buses have the shortest distances between stops, and are easier to get on and off from and transfer between. While most Tokyo subway lines link directly with the private railways servicing the suburbs, buses run between Yamanote Line stations, or from stations to universities, hospitals, and other facilities. They have been adapted for short distance routes within central Tokyo. Subway lines within Manhattan run primarily along the north-south avenues; buses run along both the avenues and the east-west cross streets as well. Both cities do their utmost to make buses easily accessible (step-free buses in Tokyo and kneeling buses in Manhattan), and environmentally friendly (low polluting vehicles). Another common characteristic to both cities is that buses can not run on fixed timetables, due to changing traffic conditions. Traffic conditions make Tokyo buses run slower and slower each year, and increased subway service has reduced the number of passengers. Minato Ward Bus Map Manhattan Bus Map 300m radius around bus stops

	Tokyo's Haneda and Narita airports are located 15 km and 60 km respectively from the heart of the city (Tokyo Station). It takes approximately 40 minutes to reach Haneda by bus and 30 by train. To Narita, it is 80 minutes by bus and 60 by train. New York's LaGuardia, Newark, and Kennedy airports are located in close proximity -- 10 km, 20 km, and 20 km respectively -- to the heart of the city (Grand Central Station), from which they can be reached in 20, 30, and 40 minutes respectively. Tokyo's Haneda Airport has 3 runways, and Narita 1 -- a total of 4 runways to meet the air traffic demands of the Tokyo area. LaGuardia Airport has 2 runways, Newark 3, and JFK 4, giving the New York area a total of 9 runways to accommodate its air traffic. New York's 9 airport runways handle roughly 78 million passengers (inbound and outbound) and 2.37 million tons of freight per year. The volume of traffic Tokyo's 4 airport runways handle yearly is not much less 72 million passengers (inbound and outbound) and 2.13 million tons of freight. This indicates that Tokyo airport runways are congested, and that a high percentage of that traffic must consist of large-scale aircraft. Comparing Tokyo and New York Airports Tokyo Narita Haneda New York JFK Newark LaGuardia Distance from heart of city (*1) (in km) 60 15 20 20 10 Area (in ha.) 1,981 710(*2) 1,271 3,135 2052 820 263 Runways 4 1 3 9 4 3 2 Takeoffs / Landings (in thousands) Total 337 126 211 1,069 323.6 399.6 345.5 Domestic 214 6.2 208 323.9 International 123 119 3.1 21.6 Passengers (in thousands) Total 72,037 25,405 46,631 77,604 30,379 26,626 20,599 Domestic 46,546 791 45,755 55,418 13,328 22,781 19,309 International 25,490 24,614 876 22,186 17,051 3,845 1,290 Freight (in thousands of tons) Total 2,128 1,574 554 2,371 1,478 866 28 Domestic 540 12 527 1,086 357 703 26 International 1,589 1,562 27 1,285 1,121 163 2 Parking (no. of cars) 13,872 9,144 4,728 40,760 12,000 18,360(*3) 10,400(*4) Year began operating 1978 1931 1948 1928 1939 *1 "Heart of the city" is defined as Tokyo Station in Tokyo and Grand Central Station in New York. *2 1,065ha including operational and unoperational portions. *3 15,000 of which are passenger cars. *4 10,400 of which are passenger cars. Plan View Maps of Tokyo and New York City Airports Narita Airport Haneda Airport John F. Kennedy Airport LaGuardia Airport Newark Airport

	Routes shown on maps Tokyo New York Trains Tokyo Metropolitan Subway Map Published by: KK. Chikatetsu Travel Service Under the supervision of the Eidan Subway September, 2000 MTA New York City Subway (c)2000 Metropolitan Transportation Authority May 2000 Buses Tokyo Bus Routes Minkuru Guide Published by: Tokyo Metropolitan Transportation Bureau Automobile Division, Operations Section Supervised by: Tokyo Metropolitan Transportation Bureau Tokyo Metropolitan January 6, 2000 MTA Manhattan Bus Map http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us/nyct/maps/busman.pdf (c)2000 Metropolitan Transportation Authority September 2000 Airports Airport Review No.100 International Airport News May 30, 1997

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