In 1952, then governor of Tokyo Seiichiro Yasui proposed, and the metropolitan assembly approved, an attempt to win the 17th Summer Olympic Games. Tokyo lost the 17th Games to Rome, but was chosen to host the 18th Summer Olympic Games at the IOC general assembly in 1959. Tokyo's attempt to bring the Olympics to Japan in the same year that the San Francisco Peace Treaty went into effect (1952) was both a conscious move to return to international society, and a perfect opportunity to develop the city's lagging urban infrastructure. Because Tokyo's infrastructure had not been developed, the city's postwar recovery was slow, and the high economic growth that began in the mid-50s made Tokyo's urban problems even more acute. The National Capital Region Development Law was enacted in 1956, and aimed to curb the overconcentration of population and commerce in central Tokyo and develop the outlying areas.

	The main points of the National Capital Region Plan, upon which the National Capital Region Development Law was based, were as follows: (1) The population of the 23 ward district is estimated to reach 11.81 million by 1975. (2) The population for the 23 ward district should ideally be limited to 8.48 million, and a population and commerce location plan deployed to direct the surplus 3.30 million to satellite cities. (3) The metropolitan area shall be defined as the area within a 50-km. radius of Tokyo Station. (4) Facilities to be shared by the inner city and its surrounds shall be located along a suburban zone (green belt). (5) The surrounding region should be fostered as satellite cities. Population Changes (Tokyo , 23 wards , 4 central wards ) Number of Cars Owned

	Emergency Road Construction Works Plan
	Tokyo drew up the Tokyo Metropolitan Long-term Plan in 1961 (for the 10 years from 1961 to 1970) to serve as the Tokyo version of the National Capital Region Development Plan. A total of 2.1444 trillion yen was budgeted to build roads in time for the Olympics under the Emergency Road Construction Works Plan (fiscal years 1961 to 1965), but by 1964 only 25% of the plan had been implemented. Courtesy of Tokyo Shintoshi Kensetsu Kosha (Click map for enlargement) Expenditures Related to National Capital Region Development Works under the Tokyo Metropolitan Long-Term Plan (Unit: 1 million yen) Classification Total Project Expenses (1961-70) (A) 1961-64 Totals Project Expenses (B) % (B/A) General Accounts Urban redevelopment 219,112 13.322 6 Open Public Space 50,150 12,235 24 Public Housing 201,118 47,586 24 Mandatory Education Facilities 102,710 26,595 26 Roads 603,931 169,895 28 Off-street Parking Facilities 19,891 5,159 26 Metropolitan Expressway Public Corp. Investments & Subsidies 73,000 20,317 28 Lowland Measures 61,417 17,748 29 River Works 45,356 10,155 22 Tokyo Bay Harbor Works 58,477 8,991 15 Garbage Disposal Facilities 15,524 7,649 49 Subtotal 1,450,686 339,652 23 Special Accounts Tokyo Bay Harbor Works 11,027 1,064 10 Public Corporation Accounts Harbor Landfill 137,728 19,768 14 Central Wholesale Market 7,980 3,036 38 Waterworks 156,628 70,529 45 Sewerage works 250,000 58,684 23 Industrial Waterworks 24,578 9,824 40 High speed subways 105,787 37,458 35 Subtotal 682,701 199,299 29 Total 2,144,414 540,015 25 Source: Tokyo Olympic Games Metropolitan Report

	Of the 989.5 billion yen in total costs, 29.5 billion were directly related to the Olympics and 960 billion were indirectly related. Direct expenses included the costs of building athletic facilities and subsidizing the organizing committee. Indirect costs included road and waterworks projects. While the National Treasury defrayed a large portion of the directly related costs, they represented only about 10% of the total costs. 80% of the costs were covered with loans. Olympic Expenses by Source of Revenue Classification Amount (in billion yen) Ratio (%) Percent of Total (%) Direct Expenses National Treasury Disbursements 9.4 82 0.94 Regional Public Organizations 5.5 18 0.55 Public Corporations, etc. 1.5 5 0.15 Self-borne 5.2 17 0.52 Olympic Fund Foundations 3.9 14 0.39 Loans 4.0 14 0.40 Total 29.5 100 Indirect Expenses National Treasury 90.5 9.5 9.14 Regional Public Organizations 60.0 6.3 6.06 Self-borne 44.0 4.6 4.44 National Investment and Loan 763.0 79.6 77.10 Total 960.0 100.0 All Total 989.5 100.0 Notes 1. Figures through 1961 are of accounts settled, 1962 are budget figures, 1963 are estimates. 2. Total direct and indirect expenditures including related public facilities on which work continued through 1965 projects are estimated at roughly 1080 billion yen. 3. Sums represent July 1, 1964 expenses, and additional expense corrections were projected for fiscal 1964. It is also believed that some expenses from projects treated as independent regional public organization projects were not included. Private investments are not included. 4. Directly related expenses include the costs of building athletic facilities, organizing committee subsidies, conference technical improvements, the promotion of national activities, etc. The 29.5 billion yen total for direct expenses compares to the indirect expenses at a 1:32 ratio. Source: Tokyo Olympic Games Metropolitan Report

	26.76% of the 960 billion yen in indirectly related project expenses, or 256.4 billion yen, involved Tokyo. 76.2% of that 256.4 billion yen, or 195.4 billion yen, was shouldered by Tokyo, 84.2 billion of which came from general revenues, and the remaining 111.2 billion drawn from Metropolitan bonds. Expenses Indirectly Incurred from the Tokyo Olympic Games Project Amount (in millions of yen) Ratio (%) Percent Borne by Metropolitan Government * (%) Percent of Total Project Cost Percent Defrayed by Metropolitan Govt. Roads (Roads, streets, expressways) 175,278.9 18.29 Roads 58.39 Expressways 13.86 43.30 100.00 Parks (Meiji, Toda) 3,335.0 0.34 Sewerage (including final processing) 34,449.0 3.59 75.00 92.66 Waterworks (including Tone aqueduct) 38,050.0 3.97 Waterworks 71.05 Tone aqueduct 3.94 100.00 100.00 Sumida River Purification 1,048.0 0.10 Waste Disposal Facilities 9,604.9 1.00 Chofu Suikonoen American Military Housing 10,280.0 1.07 Yokohama Harbor Purification 550.0 0.05 JNR Tokaido Shinkansen 380,000.0 39.67 Chuo Line, Loop 7 Overpasses 8,637.0 0.09 Subways (Toei, Eidan) 189,491.0 19.78 Line No.1 29.03 0.36 Private Railways Extensions to Central Tokyo 28,513.0 2.97 Tokyo International Airport 8,637.0 0.89 Lodging (Hotels, Inns, Youth Hostels) 31,369.9 3.27 Broadcasting, Telecommunications 31,139.0 3.25 Other 7,530.1 0.78 Total 957,852.4 (appx. 960 billion) 100.00 26.76 76.20 Notes 1. Tokyo Metropolitan Government expenses include Metropolitan subsidies. 2. Based on the "Tokyo Olympic Games Metropolitan Report." *3. The percent accounted for in the graph "The Portion of Olympic-related Project Expenses Borne by Tokyo." The Portion of Olympic-related Project Expenses Borne by Tokyo (Unit: 1 billion yen) Classification Project Expenses National Treasury General Revenue Others Notes Directly Related Projects 6.5 6.5 Athletic Facilities 4.7 4.7 Komazawa Athletics Stadium Construction Organizing Committee 1.7 1.7 Subsidies Various Projects 0.1 0.1 Ryounan Playground, etc. Related Projects 180.9 59.8 121.1 Roads 102.3 58.0 44.3 Road/street construction Metropolitan Expressways 24.3 24.3 Investments and Subsidies Waterworks 27.0 27.0 Kanamachi Water Purification Plant Sewers 25.8 1.8 24.0 Loop 6 Sewer Pipe/ Waterway Installation and Processing Plants Tone River Aqueduct 1.5 1.5 Share of Expenses Others 69.0 1.2 67.8 Subways 55.0 0.2 54.8 Construction Line 1 Various Projects 14.0 1.0 13.0 Meiji Park Waste Disposal Facility, etc. Total 256.4 61.0 195.4 Note: Tokyo Metropolitan Government expenses include Metropolitan subsidies. Source: Tokyo Olympic Games Metropolitan Report

	Kasumigaseki Building (upon completion)
	Until the early 1950s, buildings in Japan were limited to 100 shaku (roughly 33 meters) in height. With the revision of the Building Standards Law in 1961, the specified block system was introduced, and in 1963 the floor area ratio district system replaced the 33-meter restriction on building height, launching Tokyo into the age of skyscrapers. Japan's first skyscraper, the Kasumigaseki Building (36 floors, 147 m), was completed in 1968 after 5 years of construction. In 1965 the site of the post-war Shinjuku Subcenter Redevelopment Plan (59ha.) including the former Yodobashi Purification Plant in west Shinjuku was zoned at a 1000% floor area ratio, the highest designation under the new zoning system. At the time, New York's Empire State Building, completed in 1930, was still the tallest building in the world at 381 meters. (see Mid-Tokyo Maps #03: How Tall is Tokyo) Courtesy of Mitsui Fudosan KK West Shinjuku (excavating the former Yodobashi Purification Plant site) West Shinjuku (today) Courtesy of Tokyo Shintoshi Kensetsu Kosha (Click photos for enlargements)

	Reference Materials "Tokyo hyakunenshi (One hundred year history of Tokyo) Vol. 6," Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 1979 "Tokyo no toshi keikaku hyakunen (100 years of Tokyo city planning)," Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of City Planning, 1989 "Tokyo toshikeikaku monogatari (The story of Tokyo's city planning)," Akira Koshizawa, 2001 "Population Census Report," Management and Coordination Agency Bureau of Statistics "Shuto kousoku dourokoudan sanjuunenshi (The thirty year history of the Metropolitan Expressway Public Corporation)," Metropolitan Expressway Public Corporation, 1989 "1998 Toshi koutsuu nenpou (City transportation annual)" "Tokyo no machizukuri: Kindai toshi ha dou tsukuraretaka (The building of Tokyo: How was the modern city built?)," Terunobu Fujimori and Hisashi Ozawa, 1986 Map Production References "Tokyo Emergency Road Construction Works Plan Map (fiscal years 1961 to 1965)," Courtesy of Tokyo Shintoshi Kensetsu Kousha (roads) "Shuto kousoku dourokoudan sanjuunenshi (The thirty year history of the Metropolitan Expressway Public Corporation)," Metropolitan Expressway Public Corporation, 1989 (Metropolitan Expressways) "Tokyo Olympic shisetsu no zenbou (Tokyo Olympic facilities in detail)," Tokyo Densetsu Kougyoukai, 1964 (roads, venues) "Chizu de miru Tokyo no hensen (Changes in Tokyo as seen through maps)," Nihon Chizu Center, 1996 (roads, coastline, railroads) "Dezain no genba (Design on site)," Bijutsu shuppan, 1998 vol 12 (venues) "Tokyo toshikeikaku monogatari (The story of Tokyo's city planning)," Akira Koshizawa, 2001 Geographical Survey Institute 1/50,000 scale old edition map (roads, coastline, railroads)

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